Unit 1: “ A common life”
1.- Living things
2.- How to obtain energy:
digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and excretory system.
3.-Interaction: the five senses, the nervous system and the locomotor
system.
4.- Reproduction: the male
and female reproductive system.
1.- Living things
1.1
Classifying living things.
1.2 Vital functions
1.3
Characteristics of living things
1.1 Classifying living
things.
- - Ecosystems are made up of living
things( human beings, plants and animals) and non-living things( rocks,
water and so on)
- Living things can
be multicellular ( many cells) or unicellular (
just one cell).
Multicellular organisms
- Cells are the
building blocks of life.
- Cells interact to form tissues.
- Different types of tissue
form organs.
- Some organs form systems such
as the digestive system.
- Many systems form an organism.
1.2
Vital functions
- The three vital functions are: nutrition,
interaction and reproduction
- We classify living things in different
groups: animals (dog), plants(tree), fungi (mushroom) and
other organism (algae and bacteria).
Activities
1.- Write the four groups of living things.
……………………………………………………………
2.- Classify the following living things: dog, tree, mushroom,
bacteria.
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Animals |
Plants |
Fungi |
Other
living things |
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|
|
|
|
3.- Which are the three vital function?
………………………………………….............................
4.- Match with the proper sentence: nutrition,
interaction and reproduction.
|
Living
things need food for energy. |
|
|
Living
things need interact. |
|
|
Living
things make new living things. |
|
1.3 Characteristics of living things
Cell structure
A cell is the smallest
living unit. There are two types: animal cell and plant cell.
Animal
cell: The main components are: nucleous, cell membrane, cytoplasm and
vacuole.
Plant cell:
The main components are: nucleous, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall,
chloroplast and vacuole.
We
can find two types of organisms:
- Unicelullar
organisms: They have just one cell.
- Multicellular
organisms: They are made up of many cells.
2.- How to obtain energy: digestive system, respiratory system,
circulatory system and excretory system.
2.1.-
Energy
2.2.- Body
systems.
2.1.-ENERGY
2.1.1.-Different types of energy.
2.1.2.- Sources of energy.
2.1.1 Different types
of energy.
There are many but the most important ones
are:
Kinetic energy.- We use it for movement.
Chemical energy.-We have it in food.
Sound energy.- We have it in anything that makes sounds.
Thermal energy.-It produces heat. Example: The Sun produces a lot of termal energy.
Electrical energy.-It is used every day with light bulbs.
Light energy.-It is produced by traffic lights and by The Sun.
ACTIVITIES
1.-Which are
the six most important types of energy?
2.- Match
Kinetic sound
Electrical every
day
Sound movement
3.- Draw an example of the different types of
energy
|
a |
|
b |
|
c |
2.1.2 Sources of
energy.
There are two types: non- renewable energy and
renewable energy.
Non-renewable energy.-They come from the ground and the seabed. We cannot replace them.
Examples: natural gas, coal and crude oil.
Renewable energy.-They are The Sun, air and water. They don´t run out. They don´t cause
pollution. Examples: solar energy with solar panels, wind farms and
hydroelectric power stations.
ACTIVITIES
1.- Which are the two
types the sources of energy?
2.- Where the non-renewable energy comes
from?
a) The
ground b)
The Sun
3.- Write 3 examples
of non-renewable energy.
4.- True or
False
- The Sun is for
renewable energy.
- Air is non- renewable
energy
-Renewable energy is better for the environment
5.- Complete the sentences
- ………… energy
sources will never run out.
- ……………..energy
sources run out
6- List 3 examples of
renewable energy.
7.- Draw
|
A
non-renewable energy |
A
renewable energy |
2.2. BODY SYSTEMS
2.2.1 Parts of our body
2.2.2 Body systems
2.2.1. Parts of
our body
The most important are: hand,
limb, head, torso, elbow, arm, knee, leg, hip.
2.2.2. Body systems
- Our body has organs.
The organs form body systems. The main body systems are:
circulatory system, excretory system, respiratory system and digestive system.
- As we know,all humans
perform three vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.
- In the nutrition process
participate the digestive system, the excretory system, the respiratory
system and the circulatory system.
·
Circulatory system
-
The circulatory system moves blood around
our body. The main organs are: the heart, arteries and veins.
- The circulatory
system transport nutrients and oxygen to every cell in your
body.
- The circulatory system
consists of heart and blood vessels.
- Arteries take blood
from the heart to the body.
- Capillaries are very
small blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins.
- The heart pumps
blood round the body through the blood vessels.
·
Respiratory system
The
respiratory system alow us to breath. We breath oxygen through
our nose and expel carbon dioxide through
our mouth.
The main organs are: nose,
mouth and lungs. This is the process:
1º.- Air enters the body through your
mouth or nose.
2º.- The air goes down the trachea. The
trachea connects the mouth to the bronchi.
3º.- The air enters the lungs through two
tubes called bronchi.
4º.- The air travels though the lungs and
ends in the alveoli. Alveoli are small air sacs.
5º.- In the alveoli, blood exchanges
carbon dioxide for oxygen.
6º.- You expel carbon dioxide when
you breathe out.
Don´t forget that colds and
the flu are caused by viruses and bacteria.
·
Excretory
system
- The excretory system is made up
of the urinary system and sweat glands.
The urinary system
1º.- The kidneys separate water and
minerals from the blood to produce urine.
2º.- The urine goes down the ureters to
the bladder.
3º.- When the bladder is full, your body
tells you to go to the toilet.
4º.- The bladder releases urine through
the urethra.
Sweat glands
- When you do exercise or it
is very hot, your body produces sweat.
- This is a mixture of water
and minerals.
- It is produced in sweat
glands and is released through pores in the skin.
·
Digestive system
-
The digestive system help us to digest the food we
eat. The main organs are: mouth, stomach and intestine.
- The
digestive system extracts nutrients from the food you eat.
- The oesophagus joins
the mouth to the stomach.
- Nutrients are separated from the
waste in the small instentine.
- Waste leaves the body through
the anus.
3.-Interaction: the five senses, the nervious system and the
locomotor system
3.1.
Receiving information: The five senses.
3.2.
Processing information: The nervous system.
3.3.
Giving a response: The human locomotor system
3.1 The five senses
The five senses
are: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch.
- I
can see with my eyes.........
- I
can hear with my ear...........
- I
can taste with my tongue............
- I
can smell with my nose....................
- I
can touch with my fingers. Our skin is the organ we use to
touch.........................
Sight elements: eyelid. eyelash,
cornea, pupil, lens, iris, retina, blind spot, optic nerve.
Hearing elements: semicircular canal, auditory nerve,
cochlea, three small bones, eardrum, auditory canal.
Smell elements: nostrils, nerve receptor and olfatory
nerve.
Taste elements: taste buds and tongue. There are four
tastes: bitter, sour, salty and sweet.
Smell and taste go together
because they have got a close relationship.
Touch elements: dermis, nerves, blood vessels.
Activities
1.- List the five senses.
2.- List two elements of
each sense.
3.2.
Processing information: The nervous system.
The characteristics of the nervous system are:
- It receives information
from the five senses.
- It is made up of millions
of neurons.
- It
is divided in two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous
system.
The central nervous system
The
central nervous system is made up of two parts: the brain and spinal cord.
The brain:
o The main
characteristics are:
- The brain is the control
centre.
- It is procteted by the
skull or cranium.
- It controls voluntary
movements ( consciously) and involuntary movements ( unconsciously).
o The brain is made up of three parts:
- The
cerebum: It has got the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. It
controls thoughts, emotions, language, behaviour and voluntary movements.
- The cerebelum: It
controls balance, movement and coordination.
- The
brain stem: It controls involuntary movements such as breathing or
digestion. It connects the brain to the spinal cord.
The
espinal cord: It protects the vertebrae. It controls reflex
actions ( spontaneous actions).
The peripheral nervous system
Characterictics
- It is made up of nerves.
- It carries messages from
the nervious system.
- It consists of millions of
neurons.
Types of neurons: There
are two types:
- Sensory neurons: They are from the five
senses.
- Motor neurons: They are related to our muscles.
Activities
1.- Which are the two parts of the nervous system?
2.- Which are
the two parts of the central nervous system?
3.- Which are
the three parts of the brain?
4.- Which are
the two types of neurons?
3.3. Giving a response:
The human locomotor system
The locomotor system is made up of the skeleton, joints and the muscles.
The skeleton
- The skeleton fuction is to
support the body and protect the internal organs.
- The skeleton is made up of
bones and cartilage.
- There are three types of
bones: short
bones (vertebrae),
flat bones ( ribs) and long bones ( arms and legs).
Joints : They connect our bones by the ligaments. There are
three types: fixed joints, semi-flexible joints and flexible joints.
The muscles: Characteristics:
- There are over
600 muscles in the human body.
- Our muscles contract and
relax.
- The tendons connect
muscles to the bones.
- Our muscles can be voluntary
and involuntary muscles.
Activities
1.- Which are the three
components of the locomotor system?
2.- Which are the three
types of bones?
3.- List the main bones
of our body.
4.- List the three types
of joints
5.- List the main muscles
of our body.
4.- Reproduction: the male
and female system.
- Reproduction is made
up of the female reproductive system and the male reproductive system.
- There are two types:
The female reproductive system.-
Organs: fallopian tubes, ovary, vagina, vulva and uterus.
The male reproductive system.- Organs:
penis, scrotum, testicle, urethra
Activity
Draw the male and female
system and label the main organs.
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