NS6: UNIT 4: INTERACTION

 

Unit 4: “ INTERACTION”

 

1.- The five senses

2.- The nervous system

3.-The locomotor system.

4.- Healthy habits

 

1.- The five senses

 The five senses are: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. 

 - Sight elements: eyelid. eyelash, cornea, pupil, lens, iris, retina, blind spot, optic nerve.

  - Hearing elements: semicircular canal, auditory nerve, cochlea, three small bones, eardrum, auditory canal.

 - Smell elements: nostrils, nerve receptor and olfatory nerve.

- Taste elements: taste buds and tongue. There are four tastes: bitter, sour, salty and sweet.

 

       Smell and taste go together because they have got a close relationship.

 

 - Touch elements: dermis, nerves, blood vessels.

Activities

1.- List the five senses.

2.- List three elements of sight

3.-List three elements of hearing

4.- List three elements of smell

5.- List three elements of taste

6.- List three elements of touch 

2.- The nervous system

        The characteristics of the nervous system are:

-       -  It receives information from the five senses.

-       -  It is made up of millions of neurons.

-        It is divided in two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

 

2.1.-The central nervous system

The central nervous system is made up of two parts: the brain and spinal cord.

2.1.1.The brain 

o  The main characteristics are: 

-        The brain is the control centre.

-        It is procteted by the skull or cranium.

-        It controls voluntary movements ( consciously) and involuntary movements ( unconsciously).

o  The brain is made up of three parts: The cerebrum, the cerebelum and the brain stem.

 

2.1.2.The espinal cord: It protects the vertebrae. It controls reflex actions ( spontaneous actions).

 2.2. The peripheral nervous system

- Characterictics: 

-        It is made up of nerves.

-        It carries messages from the nervious system.

-        It consists of millions of neurons.

 

- Types of neurons: There are two types:

- Sensory neurons: They are from the five senses.

- Motor neurons: They are related to our muscles.

Activities

1.- Which are the two parts of the nervous system?

2.- Which are the two parts of the central nervous system?

3.- Which are the three parts of the brain?

4.- Which are the two types of neurons?

 

3.- The locomotor system

        The locomotor system is made up of the skeleton, joints and the muscles.

 

3.1.- The skeleton

-        The skeleton fuction is to support the body and protect the internal organs.

-        The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilage.

-        There are three types of bones: short bones    (vertebrae), flat bones  ( ribs) and long bones ( arms and legs).

 

3.2.- Joints : They connect our bones by the ligaments. There are three types: fixed joints, semi-flexible joints and flexible joints.

 

3.3.- The muscles: 

- Characteristics:

-        There are over 600 muscles in the human body.

-        Our muscles contract and relax.

-        The tendons connect muscles to the bones.

-        Our muscles can be voluntary and involuntary muscles.

 

 Activities

1.- Which are the three components of the locomotor system?

2.- Which are the three types of bones?

3.- List  5 bones of our body.

4.- List the three types of joints

5.- List the  5  muscles of our body.

 

4.- Healthy habits

These are healthy habits to take into account:

- Eat healthy.

- Do exercise.

- Sleep enough.

- Keep clean.

- Prevention.

- Don´t waste time playing videogames. Game over.

- Say no to harmful(dañinas) substances such as drugs or alcohol.

 

NS5: TOPIC 2: HEALTHY LIVING

 

Unit 2: “ Healthy living”

 

1.- Healthy food.

2.- Digestion and repiration

3.- Diseases and illnesses

 

1.- Healthy food

1.1.              1.-Healthy diet

A healthy diet is a balanced diet where we eat properly. There are 5 groups of food.

-        Carbohydrates and fibre.

-        Proteins and iron.

-        Fruit and vegetables.

-        Dairy products

-        Fats.

 

                              Our body is 75% water.

 

 Read the sentences and learn.

a. This helps our digestive system work correctly.	fibre
b. We need them to grow.	proteins
c. We need them to stay healthy.	vitamins and minerals
d. They give us energy.	carbohydrates and fats

 

 

m       Meals:  There are three main meals: breakfast, lunch and dinner and two healthy snacks: one in the morning and one in the afternoon ( fruit, yogourt).

 

1.2.                  2.- Health problems

If you don´t take care of yourself, you can have health problems such as:

-        Colds and flu.

-        Stomach upsets

-        Tiredness

-        Respiratory problems.

-        Tooth decay

-        Obesity

 

                    Activities

1.- List the five groups of food

2.- Which are the groups that give us energy?

3.- What is the  group that help us to grow?

4.- Which are the main meals?

5.- List the health problems you know

 

                  2.- Digestion and respiration

                 2.1.-DIGESTION

           When we eat, our body has to digest the food so we can get the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that are in food. We digest our food in the “gastro-intestinal system”. Digestion occurs in three main ways: 

1.     We chew our food, and our teeth break down the food into smaller pieces. Also, the liquid in our mouths (saliva) causes a chemical reaction that starts to digest the food.

2. In our stomach, chemicals called enzymes change the food into smaller molecules that the body can use.

3.     After the food is changed into small molecules, the blood carries the molecules to other parts of the body.

 

            We can classify living things according to  the type of food we eat:

             1.- Carnivores.- They eat other animals.

             2.- Hervivores.- They eat plants.

             3.- Omnivores.- They eat plants and other animals.

                  Activities

1.- What is the system that we digest our food?

2.- Which are the 3 steps of digestion?

3.- How can we divide living things according the food we eat?

                 2.2.- RESPIRATION

              Respiration is the process that all living things go through to create the energy they need to live. This happens in the cells so it is also called cellular respiration. It usually involves exchanging two gases—oxygen and carbon dioxide. The cells take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells, including plant cells and animal cells.

       Activities

1.- Definition of respiration

2.- Which are the two gases we exchange?

3.- Where do respiration happen?

                   3.  Diseases and illnesses

 

3.                        1.-Infectious diseases 

-        Pathogens are organisms which produce  diseases. The most important ones are bacteria and viruses.

-        The illnesses produced by bacteria are: tetanus, salmonellosis, conjutivitis, pneumonia.

-        The illnesses produced by viruses are: measles   (sarampión), chickenpox (varicela) and the flu.

-        The symptoms of an infection are fever and inflammation.

-        Infectious diseases are treated with antibiotics and antivirals. 

 

AActivities

1.- What is a pathogens?

2.- Which are the illnesses produced by bacteria  ?

3.- Which are the illnesses produced by viruses  ?

 

3.                   2.-  Non infectious diseases

- Non infectious diseases are produced by factors such us: environment, unhealthy lifestyle, genetics, vitamins deficiency and organ malfunction.

- The most important non infectious diseases are: allergies, cancer, heart diseases, diabetes and mental diseases.

 

                    Activities

1.- Which are the factors that produce non infectious diseases?

2.- Which are the most important no infectious  diseases ?