NS4: UNIT 3: LIVING THINGS AND ECOSYSTEMS

 

UNIT 3: Living things and ecosystems

3.1.- Living things

-       Ecosystems are made up of living things( human beings, plants and animals) and non-living things( rocks, wáter and so on)

-       Living things can be multicellular ( many cells) or unicellular ( just one cell). 

Ø  Multicellular organisms

-       Cells are the building blocks of life.

-       Cells interact to form tissues.

-       Different types of tissue form organs.

-       Some organs form systems such as the digestive system.

-       Many systems form an organism.

Ø  Life functions 

-       The three life functions are: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.

 

1.- NUTRITION

- According to the type of nutrition organism can be: producers, consumers and decomposers.

·      PRODUCERS.- They are most of the plants. They make their own food through the photosynthesis. 

·      CONSUMERS.- They are animals which feed on other living things.

·      DECOMPOSERS.- They are fungi and bacteria. They fee don the remains of dead plants and animals.

2.- INTERACTION

- Living things interact with each other and the enviroment.

- When something happen, they respond to it.

- Animals use their sense organs connected with nervious system.

- Plants react to the light.

3.- REPRODUCTION

-       Reproduction is the process to create other living things.

-       There are two types of reproduction:

·      Sexually reproduction.- A female cell is joined to male cell. They are multicelular.

·      Asexually reproduction.- Unicellular organims reproduce by dividing their cells.

   3.2.-Classification of living things

-       Living things are grouped in five kingdoms: the protist kingdom, the monera kingdom, the fungus kingdom, the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

Ø  The protist kingdom 

-       Most of them are unicelular and live in water byt they can be unicellular.

-       Examples are algae and protozoa. 

Ø  The monera kingdom

-       They are unicellular and include bacteria.

Ø  The fungus kingdom

-       They can be unicellular ( yeast) or multicelular ( mushrooms).

-       Fungi are decomposers.

Ø  The plant kingdom 

-       Plants are multicellular.

-       During the photosynthesis, the release oxygen into the air. 

Ø  The animal kingdom 

-Animals are multicellulars.

- They release carbon dioxide during the process of respiration.

- They use their senses to interact with their environment.

 

3.-Elements of ecosystems

- An ecosystem include living things and non-living things that interact in a specific area.

- A change in it affects all the ecosystem.

Ø  Living things.

-       All the ecosystems have flora ( plants), fauna ( animals) and other living things such as fungi, protists and bacteria.

-       A population is a group of the same specie that live in an ecosystem.

-       A community is the interaction of many populations.

Ø  The physical components

- The physical components in a ecosystem are: air, water, sunlight, temperatura, climate and soil.

 

3.4.-Food chains and food webs

- All living things form food chains and food webs.

Ø  Food chains

-       Food chains are made up of producers, consumers and decomposers.

·      Producers.- They use energy from the Sun to make their own food though the photosynthesis.

·      Consumers.- There are three types:

                          -Primary consumer.-Hervibores and omnivores. Example: rabbits.

                          -Secondary consumer.-Carnivores and omnivores. They eat primary.Example: foxes.

                          - Terciary consumer o predators.-They eat secondary. Predators Hunt their prey.                                                 Example: Eagle.       

·      Decomposers

-       They decompose matter and feed on the remains of dead organisms

Ø  Food webs

-       The food chains can be connected together to form a food web.

Ø  Other relationships 

-Organisms compete and cooperate in a ecosystem.

- Example: plants compete for the Sun.

- Example: Ants and bees cooperate together to survive.

3.5.-Types of ecosystems

-There are many types of ecosystems: 

Ø  Forest

-       Forest have got many trees in the same area. They can be:

·      Deciduous forest.-They lose their leaves. Flora: oaks and beches. Fauna: squirrel, wild bear.

·      Coniferous forest.-There are evergreen trees. Flora: pine trees. Fauna: foxes and deers.

·      Mediterranean forest.-Along the Mediterranean Sea. Flora: cork oaks. Fauna: eagles and foxes. 

Ø  Grasslands 

-       They are areas without water, just with grass. There are two types:

·      Savannahs.-They are warm. Herbivores live there such as giraffes and zebras.

·      Temperature grasslands.- They are colder. Fauna: deer and rabbits. 

Ø  Deserts

         -Deserts are dry and hot.

         - Flora: cacti.

         -Fauna: reptiles.

Ø  Ponds

-       They are área of fresh water.

-       Fauna: fish, mollucs, frogs and algae. 

Ø  Shoreline

        -The shoreline is when sea and land meet.

        - Fauna: seagulls, types of algae and fish.

Ø  Urban ecosystems

        -Towns and cities include natural and artifitial elements.

        - Flora: trees, bushes, flowers in the Parks.

        - Fauna: domestic animals, rats, bacteria and protists.

 

 

NS4. UNIT2: HEALTHY LIVING

 

UNIT 2: HEALTHY LIVING

2.1      The five senses

 

-       The five senses are: sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste.

 

·      SIGHT

-         Light enters the eye and forms an upside-down image on the  retina. The

optic nerve then sends this image to the brain.

 

·      TOUCH

 

-Sensory nerves in the skin send information to the brain about how  something feels.

·      HEARING

-         Sound waves enter your  ears and the liquid in the cochlea

 

 moves and sends signals to the brain.

 

·      SMELL

 

-         Air enters your nose through the nose and the olfatory  nerves transmit the information to the brain.

·      TASTE

-         Your tongue contains many taste buds to detect different tastes .

 

 

2.2.-The nervious system

 

-         The nervious system controls everything you do. It receives information from the sense organs.

-         It is made up of the brain, the spinal cord and the nerves.

-         The brain is made up of the cerebellum, the brain stem and the cerebrum.

 

2.3.-The locomotor system

 

-         The locomotor system is made up of the skeleton, joints and muscles.

-         The skeleton is made up of the skull, the torso and the limbs.

-         The bones and joints are connected by ligaments.

-         The skeleton has two functions: to support the body and to protect internal organs.

-         Tendons connect muscles and bones.

-         Muscles contract and relax.

 

2.4.-Proper posture

 

-         Proper posture helps our locomotor system.

-         Do not cross your legs or feet when you sit down.

-         Your school bag must not weigh more than three kilogram.

2.5 Healthy eating

 

-         You have to eat a balanced diet.

-         There are 5 groups:

 

1.-Vitamines and minerals ( Fruit and vegetables). They are full of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fibre.

 2.-Carbohydrates ( bread, pasta, cereals and potatoes). They contain proteins and carbohydrates

3.-Fats ( olive oil, sedes, avocados and nuts). They contain healthy fats and oils.

4.- Proteins ( meat, fish, eggs and pulses). They contain proteins and iron

5.- Diary products ( milk, yogurt, cheese). They contein proteins and calcium.

 

 

-         If you eat unhealthy food you do not eat a balanced diet.

 

 

2.6.-Healthy habits

 

-         You can have a healthy lifestyle with healthy habits such as:

 

                                               1.- Going for a walk.

                                               2.- Talking to Friends.

                                               3.- Playing outside.

                                               4.- Eating vegetables.

                                               5.- Organizing your time.

 

Activities unit 1

 

ACTIVITIES

1.- Draw the digestive system and label the main parts.

 2.-Correct the sentences:

 

-       All humans perform the three life functions: nutrition, respiration and reproduction.

-       The digestive system extracts nutrients from the air you breathe.

-       The trachea joins the mouth to the stomach.

-       Nutrients are separated from the waste in the large instentine.

 

3.- Put the process of the urinary system in order.

a) The bladder releases urine through the urethra.

b)The urine goes down the ureters to the bladder.

c) The kidneys separate water and minerals from the blood to produce urine.

d) When the bladder is full, your body tells you to go to the toilet.

 

4.- Complete the sentences

When you do………………..or it is very hot, your body produces……………. This is a mixture …………..and minerals. It is produced in………………..and released through ………………in the skin.

 

5.- Complete the sentences and put them in order.

a) The air enters the lungs through two tubes called……………………

b) In the alveoli, blood exchanges carbon dioxide for……………….

c) Air enters the body through your…………………or………………….

d) The air travels through the lungs and ends in small sacs called…………………..

e) From the mouth and nose, the air goes down the………………………….

f) You expel ……………..when you breathe out.

 

6.- Circle the correct words to complete the sentences.

 

The circulatory system transports nutrients/ waste and carbon dioxide/ oxygen to every cell in your body.

The circulatory system consists of the lungs/ heart, blood and kidneys/ blood vessels. Arteries I veins take blood from the heart to the body.

Chambers/ Capillaries are very small blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins.

 

The bladder/ heart pumps blood round the body through the blood vessels.

 

7.- Draw and label the main part of the male and female reproductive system.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unuit 1: INSIDE YOUR BODY

 

Unit 1: INSIDE YOUR BODY

ØINTRODUCTION

-       All humans perform three life functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.

-       In the nutrition process participate the digestive system, the excretory system, the respiratory system and the circulatory system.

-       Reproduction is made up of the female reproductive system and the male reproductive system.

Ø THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

-       The digestive system extracts nutrients from the food you eat.

-       The oesophagus joins the mouth to the stomach.

-       Nutrients are separated from the waste in the small instentine.

-       Waste leaves the body through the anus.

Ø THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

-       The excretory system is made up of the urinary system and sweat glands. 

·      The urinary system

1º.- The kidneys separate water and minerals from the blood to produce urine.

2º.- The urine goes down the ureters to the bladder.

3º.- When the bladder is full, your body tells you to go to the toilet.

4º.- The bladder releases urine through the urethra.

·      Sweat glands 

-       When you do exercise or it is very hot, your body produces sweat.

-       This is a mixture of water and minerals.

-       It is produced in sweat glands and is released through pores in the skin.

 

Ø THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 

1º.- Air enters the body through your mouth or nose.

2º.- The air goes down the trachea. The trachea connects the mouth to the bronchi.

3º.- The air enters the lungs through two tubes called bronchi.

4º.- The air travels though the lungs and ends in the alveoli. Alveoli are small air sacs.

5º.- In the alveoli, blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen.

6º.- You expel carbon dioxide when you breathe out.

 

Don´t forget that colds and the flu are caused by viruses and bacteria.

Ø THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

-       The  circulatory system transport nutrients and oxygen to every cell in your body.

-       The circulatory system consists  of heart and blood vessels.

-       Arteries take blood from the heart to the body.

-       Capillaries are very small blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins.

-       The heart pumps blood round the body through the blood vessels.

Ø THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

-       There are two types:

·      The female reproductive system.- Organs: fallopian tubes, ovary, vagina, vulva and uterus.

·      The male reproductive system.- Organs: penis, scrotum, testicle, urethra